An Haifi Maryamu Ba Tare da Zunubi Ba?

Tambayoyi masu wuya suna bukatar amsoshi masu sarƙaƙiya. “An haifi Maryamu ba tare da zunubi ba?” ba tambaya ce mai wuya ba, kuma amsar a bayyane take: A’a. Shi ke nan. Littafi Mai Tsarki ya dage: “Ba mai adalci ko ɗaya, ko guda ɗaya” (Rom. 3:10). Maryamu ma ba banbanci ba ce. Daga baya, Bulus ya yi gardama cewa “zunubi ya shigo duniya ta wurin mutum ɗaya, mutuwa kuwa ta wurin zunubi, haka kuma mutuwa ta game dukan mutane, domin dukan mutane sun yi zunubi” (Rom. 5:12).

Da a ce don Littafi Mai Tsarki ne kawai, da an kammala wannan talifin. Duk da haka, tun da yake Ikilisiyar Roman Katolika ba ta ba da kai ga Nassi a matsayin maɗaukakiyar iko ba, amsar da take bayarwa ta bambanta sosai.

A ranar 8 ga watan Disamba na kowace shekara, ana gudanar da bikin ɗaukar cikin Maryamu marar aibi. A wannan lokaci, ikilisiyar Roman Katolika tana yin tunani a kan imanin nan cewa an kiyaye Maryamu kanta daga zunubin asali. Wannan ra’ayi ya kasance wani ɓangare na koyarwar Roman Katolika da ayyukan ibada na tsawon ƙarnuka, amma sai a shekara ta 1854 ne Paparoma Pius IX ya shelanta ɗaukar cikin marar aibi a hukumance a matsayin koyarwar bangaskiya. Ta haka, wannan ya zama imani da ya wajaba ga membobi ikklisyar Roman Katolik su yi imani da shi, kuma ba za a iya canza shi ba. Ga ainihin lafazin wannan aqidar da ke ƙunshe a cikin takardar Paparoma mai taken Ineffabilis Deus:

Mun bayyana, mun sanar, kuma mun tabbatar cewa koyarwar da ke nuni da cewa Albarka mai tsarki Budurwa Maryamu, tun daga farkon lokacin da aka yi cikinta, ta wurin wata alheri da gata na musamman na Allah Maɗaukaki, kuma dangane da cancantar Yesu Kristi, Mai Ceton ɗan Adam, an kiyaye ta ba tare da wani tabon zunubi na asali ba, koyarwa ce wadda Allah ya bayyana, kuma saboda wannan dalili, dole ne dukan masu bi su gaskata ta da kwarin gwiwa da kuma tabbaci matuƙa.

Duk da kakkarfan harshe da kuma tabbataccen bayani na bayyanawa, tantancewa, da kuma tabbatarwa, yana da wuya a yarda da wannan koyarwar Maryamu daga mahangar Littafi Mai Tsarki. Babu ko da alamar shaida game da wannan imani a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ta yaya za a ɗaukaka irin wannan ra’ayi zuwa matsayin koyarwa tabbatacciya idan Maganar Allah, a mafi kyawun yanayi, ba ta ce uffan ba game da shi?

Koyaushe abin sha’awa ne a saurari yadda tauhidin Roman Katolika ke yin hujja game da ɗaukar juna biyun Maryamu marar zunubi ta wurin ƙoƙarin danganta shi da koyarwar nassi. Wani muhimmin lokaci game da wannan shi ne jawabin da Paparoma Francis ya yi a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2016. A cikin jawabinsa, paparoman ya yi hujjar cewa Yesu bai zo a matsayin babban mutum mai cikakken girma da karfi ba, maimakon haka, ya zabi ya bi tafarkin rayuwar dan Adam, inda ya zama kamar mu ta kowane fanni, sai dai abu guda daya – zunubi. Saboda haka, “ya zaɓi Maryamu, halitta guda ɗaya tilo marar zunubi, wadda aka haifa ba tare da zunubi ba.” Ya lura cewa sa’ad da mala’ikan yake magana game da Maryamu, “ana kiran ta ‘cike da alheri,'” wanda paparoman ya fassara da nufin cewa, tun daga farko, babu “sarari ga zunubi” a cikinta. Sai ya ce, “Kuma sa’ad da muka juyo gare ta, mu ma muna gane wannan kyau: muna kiran ta, ‘cike da alheri,’ ba tare da inuwar mugunta ba.”

Nassin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Paparoma yake ambata shi ne Luka 1:28, inda mala’ika Jibrilu ya kira Maryamu a matsayin wadda aka “fifita.” Vulgate, wato juyin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Latin na ƙarshen ƙarni na huɗu, ya fassara wannan furucin a matsayin “gratia plena” (“cike da alheri”), ta haka ya buɗe kowane irin rashin fahimta, kamar dai Maryamu tana da cikar alheri a cikin kanta. An fahimci wannan fassarar a matsayin tana nuna cewa ta cika da alheri sosai har ta kai ga dole ne an ɗauki cikinta ba tare da asalin zunubi ba.

Duk da haka, babu wata alama a cikin nassin cewa Maryamu tana “cike” da alheri kuma saboda haka “ba ta da” zunubi. Kasancewa “wadda aka fi so” yana nuna cewa ita mai karɓar alherin Allah ce wadda ba ta cancanta ba, kamar yadda dukanmu muke. Haka kuma, gaskiyar cewa Maryamu ta kira Allah “Mai Cetonta” (Luka 1:47) ya ƙara tabbatar da hakan, yana nuna cewa tana ɗaukar kanta a matsayin wadda ke buƙatar ceton Allah, kamar sauran ɗan-adam. Babu wani alheri na asali a cikinta wanda yake wanzu ba tare da alherin allahntaka na Allah da kuma kasancewarsa tare da ita ba.

Ya bayyana, saboda haka, cewa hujjar ɗaukar ciki marar aibi na Maryamu ta ginu ne a kan kuskuren fassarar nassin, wanda ya kai ga wata koyarwa marar tabbas wadda take shafar ilimin sanin ɗan adam da na ceto, kuma tana dagula muhimman koyarwar bisharar Littafi Mai Tsarki. Bayyananniyar koyarwar Nassi ita ce “dukan mutane sun yi zunubi, sun kasa kuma ga darajar Allah” (Rom. 3:23). Babu wani nassi da ya yi maganar wani tanadi na musamman ga kowa. Ba a ceci Maryamu ta hanyar “kariya” daga zunubi ba. Ita mai zunubi ce kamar kowane ɗan adam, kuma Ɗan ya yi kafara domin zunubinta domin ita tana cikin ɓangaren ɗan adam da ya fāɗi wanda ya gāji zunubin Adamu. Yesu ne sabon Adamu, wanda aka haifa ba tare da zunubi ba, domin ya ceci zuriyar Adamu masu zunubi, har da Maryamu.

Gaskiyar cewa Ikilisiyar Roman Katolika ta himmatu sosai ga ɗaukar cikin Maryamu ba tare da zunubi ba har yanzu yana wakiltar wata babbar alamar tambaya ga dukan waɗanda suke so su kafa bangaskiyarsu a kan abin da Littafi Mai Tsarki yake koyarwa. Koyarwar Roman Katolika, musamman kamar yadda yake bayyana a cikin zurfaffiyar koyarwasa game da Maryamu (Mariology), ba ta dogara ne a kan Nassi kaɗai ba amma tana kan hanyar da ibada da al’adu za su iya samun magana ta ƙarshe fiye da—kuma akasin—Littafi Mai Tsarki.

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