Halayen Ƙauna

A farkon ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, Babban Bishop Ussher na Ireland ya yi sha’awar ziyartar gidan wani faston Presbyterian domin ya gani ko abin da ya ji game da tsoron Allah na mutumin gaskiya ne. Ussher ya isa gidan faston cikin kayan wani matalauci mai bara. Aka yi masa maraba a ciki, inda matar gidan take koya wa iyalinta tambayoyi da amsoshin koyarwar bangaskiya. Ta tambayi baƙon da ba a zato ba ko dokoki nawa ne akwai. Sa’ad da ya amsa, “Goma sha ɗaya,” sai ta ɗauka shi wani jahilin mutumi ne, ba ta kuma ƙara yi masa wata tambaya ba, amma ta ba shi abinci sannan ta sallame shi ya tafi barci.

Faston ya gano dabarar Ussher daga baya a daren nan, ya kuma neme shi ya yi wa’azi washegari da safe. Don haka Ussher, wanda yanzu aka gyara masa jiki aka kuma sa masa tufafi har matar gidan ba ta gane shi ba, ya hau wurin wa’azi. Ya yi wa’azi a kan abin da ya ce ana iya ɗauka a matsayin “doka ta goma sha ɗaya,” wato, Yohanna 13:34: “Sabuwar doka nake ba ku, ku ƙaunaci juna” (KJV a nan da kuma ko’ina). Matar faston ta yi mamakin yadda mai baran ya zama mai wa’azi, da kuma yadda ta yi masa kuskuren hukunci ƙwarai da gaske har ba ta nuna masa ƙauna sosai ba.

Mene ne ƙauna? Ta yaya za ku sani ko kuna kiyaye dokar Kristi ta ƙaunar ’yan’uwanku Kiristoci? Ta yaya mutum mai ƙauna yake bi da wasu? Kafofin yaɗa labarai na yau da kullun sukan gabatar da ƙauna a matsayin jan hankali da jin dadi, amma irin waɗannan abubuwan jin daɗin suna tashi suna kuma sauka kamar yadda ma’aunin zafi yake hawa da sauka. Muna buƙatar ƙauna wadda ba ta yi kama da ma’aunin zafi ba, amma ta fi kama da na’urar daidaita zafi — wadda ke sarrafa yadda muke mayar da martani maimakon su sarrafa mu.

Wasu kuma suna magana game da ƙauna a matsayin karɓar mutum ba tare da yanke hukunci ba ko sharaɗi ba, wadda aka samo daga ra’ayin ilimin halayya na nuna kulawa mai kyau ba tare da sharaɗi ba. Amma wannan salo mai sauƙin gaske yana da rikitarwa kuma yana barin mu ba tare da iko ba a gaban ƙeta da mugunta. Ta yaya za ka karɓi ɗan ta’adda ko mai kisan jere ba tare da sharaɗi ko hukunci ba?

Kiristoci da yawa a yau sun yi imani cewa mahimman kalmomin Helenanci na ƙauna a Sabon Alkawari, agapē da fi’ili mai alaƙa da shi agapaō, ba sa nuna jin rai amma suna nuna aikin nufin zuciya ne na yi wa wasu alheri tare da sadaukarwar kai. Amma wannan tunanin ba zai iya ginuwa a kan bambancin kalmomin ƙauna a harshen Helenanci ba, tun da rukunin kalmomin agapē na iya nufin kowane irin abu a wurare daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, ra’ayin ƙauna mara motsin rai yana barin mu cikin rashin tabbas game da abin da za mu yi da abubuwan da muke ji. Har ila yau, ya gaza yin bayani game da zurfafan dalilan da sukan ɓuya waɗanda ke motsa zaɓinmu.

Don haka a ina za mu iya samun ingantaccen bayani na ƙauna? Manzo Bulus ya ba mu kyakkyawan bayani game da ita a cikin 1 Korintiyawa 13:4–7. Bulus ya ɗaukaka ƙauna (KJV: “charity,” daga kalmar Latin caritas) a matsayin “hanya mafificiya nesa” (1 Kor. 12:31)—wadda ta fi kyaututtuka na ruhaniya (sura ta 12) kuma wajibi ne sosai ga rayuwa mai kima sa’ad da aka auna ta a ma’aunin Allah (1 Kor. 13:1–3). Ayoyi na 4–7 suna bayyana kyawun halayen ƙauna da ayyukanta. Ba wai ma’anar jigon ƙauna ba ne sosai kamar yadda suke bayanin ’ya’yan ƙauna; suna nuna mana yadda ƙauna take zama dalilin wasu ayyuka ko halaye kuma take yaƙi da wasu.

Bayanin ya fara ne da haƙuri kuma ya ƙare da jimiri (ayoyi 4, 7). Ƙauna tana nuna ainihin yanayinta a yadda take mayar da martani ga gwaji, wahala, da mugunta. Mafi girman bayyanar ƙauna ita ce gicciye Almasihu. Bulus ya rubuta a cikin Romawa 5:8: “Amma kuwa Allah yana tabbatar mana da ƙaunar da yake yi mana, wato tun muna masu zunubi, Almasihu ya mutu dominmu.” Bulus ɗin da ya ce bai san kome ba face “sai dai Yesu Almasihu, shi ma kuwa gicciyeyye.” (1 Kor. 2:2) a fili ya yi tunani sosai game da ƙaunar Almasihu. Yohanna ya nuna ƙaunar da take tushen yardar Almasihu ya mutu dominmu sa’ad da ya ce, “Ba ƙaunar da ta fi haka ga mutane, wato mutum yă ba da ransa saboda aminansa.” (Yah 15:13).

Ƙauna tana nuna kyawunta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Jonathan Edwards ya rubuta, “Ƙauna ƙa’ida ce mai tasiri” (Works 8:301). Ta kyakkyawar fuska, ƙauna tana amfani da haƙuri kuma tana nuna alheri (1 Kor. 13:4). Ƙauna takan ci gaba da yin nagarta kawai. Domin biyan bukatun wasu da kuma ɗaukaka Allah, mutum mai ƙauna zai jimre ko da a fuskantar yanayi mara daɗi ko wahalhalu. Ƙauna tana da nufin mayar da alheri a maimakon raɗaɗi, tana mayar da nagarta ga mugunta. Ƙaunar Kiristoci tana nuna surar Allah, Shi wanda yake “mai jinƙai, mai alheri, mai jinkirin fushi, mai yawan ƙauna, mai gaskiya” (Fit. 34:6).

Ta fuskacin abin da ƙauna ba ta yi ba, ƙauna ba ta yin kishi (1 Kor. 13:4). Ƙauna tana danne kishin kai domin ta koyi tauye kai, kuma tana jin daɗin ganin wasu suna samun nasara. Ba ta yin fahariya, ba ta kuma kumbura da girman kai ba (aya 4). Waɗannan halaye suna nuna cewa ƙauna sifa ce ta tawali’u. Ƙauna tana motsa shagaltuwa da Allah da wasu mutane, kuma tana raunana shagaltuwa da kanmu. Jonathan Edwards ya rubuta cewa “kowa wanda yake ƙaunar Allah yana ƙaunarsa ne a matsayin Allah. . . . Idan muna ƙaunar Allah a matsayin wanda ya fi mu har abada, to ana nuna ƙauna a cikinmu a matsayin marasa iyaka na ƙasa, saboda haka ƙauna ce mai tawali’u” (Works 8:245).

Ƙauna ba ta yin abin da bai dace ba (1 Kor. 13:5). Aikatau na Helenanci da aka fassara “yin abin da bai dace ba” yana nufin yin aiki cikin saɓawa ƙa’idoji, wanda ke haifar da kunya. Ƙauna tana motsa mutum ya yi abin da yake mai daraja a gaban Allah da mutane (Rom. 12:17b; 2 Kor. 8:21). Wannan bayani ya ta karyata duk wata fahimta da ke cewa kauna ba ta karkashin dokar Allah. A’a, kauna tana girmama dokar Allah (Zab. 119:97)  kuma tana kokarin cika ta. (Rom. 13:8–10).

Ƙauna ba ta neman ci gaban kanta (1 Kor. 13:5), amma tana motsa mu mu nemi ɗaukakar Allah da kuma alherin maƙwabcinmu. Ƙauna tana mayar da mu bayi (Filib. 2). Ba ta saurin fushi kuma ba ta lissafa laifi (aya 5). Kasancewa mai saurin fushi shi ne a tunzura mutum zuwa fushi cikin sauƙi (Ayyukan Manzanni 17:16), amma ƙauna tana kame fushi. Yin gafara ba shi ne adana lissafin laifuffuka ba—ƙauna tana jin daɗin rashin lissafa zunuban mutane a kansu (Rom. 4; 2 Kor. 5:19).

Ƙauna ba ta yin farin ciki da rashin adalci ba, amma tana yin farin ciki da gaskiya (1 Kor. 13:6). Ƙauna tana yin murna a duk lokacin da ta tarar da adalci da aminci. Duk da haka, ƙauna tana yin baƙin ciki game da labarin cewa wani ya faɗa cikin zunubi kuma ya biya farashi mai girma dominsa; saboda haka, ƙauna ba ta ɗaukar irin wannan labari a matsayin abin marmari na gulma ba. Irin wannan ƙauna tana yin alheri, har ma ga makiya.

Aya ta 6 tana tsawata wa bautar ra’ayin da ke cewa kowa yana da nasa gaskiya, kuma dole ne a amince da komai. A yau mutane da yawa suna daukar irin wannan hali a matsayin kauna, amma ba haka ba ne; ƙauna ta gaskiya ta haɗa da ƙin mugunta (Rom. 12:9). Mafi girman bayyanar ƙaunar Allah shi ne kuma mafi girman nuna adalcinsa, yayin da Ɗansa ya gamsar da shari’ar Allah ta hanyar ɗaukar hukuncin zunubanmu (Rom. 3:25–26). Saboda haka, 1 Korinthiyawa 13:6 tana gyara sanannen ra’ayin Kiristoci cewa ƙauna ba ta da alaƙa da motsin rai. Ƙauna tana da ƙaƙƙarfan motsin rai a kan zunubi da kuma don adalci.

A cikin ayyuka huɗu na ƙarshe ko halaye da aka jingina wa ƙauna (aya 7), maimaitaccen kalmar nan “duka” kada a karanta ta a matsayin cikakkiya ko marar iyaka. Dole ne a karanta waɗannan ayoyin a cikin mahallin Sabon Alkawari. Lokacin da Bulus ya yi amfani da kalmar nan duka, yana nufin cewa, bi da bi, ƙauna tana jimre wa dukan nauyaya da dole ne mu ɗauka a matsayin giciye, tana gaskata dukan abubuwan da ya kamata mu gaskata a matsayin Kiristoci, tana fatan dukan abubuwan da za mu jira bisa ga alkawarin Allah, kuma tana daure wa dukan gwaje-gwaje da dole ne mu fuskanta saboda Almasihu. Saboda haka, ƙauna tana zaburar da waɗannan ayyuka huɗu a cikin hanya mai dorewa.

Ƙauna tana da ƙarfin da za ta dage a tsakiyar wahala; a kowane hali, ƙauna tana ci gaba da ba da gaskiya da kuma yin fata. Rukunin nan guda uku na bangaskiya, bege, da ƙauna ya bayyana sau da yawa a cikin Nassi. Yayinda Kiristoci suke ƙaunar Allah, zukatansu suna yin farin ciki da ƙaunarsa ta aminci gare su, wanda hakan ke tabbatar da bangaskiyarsu kuma yana kiyaye begensu da rai. Edwards ya ce ƙauna ita ce “kauna ita ce ke ba bangaskiya rai kuma tana bayyana ta a aikace,” abin da ke ba wa bangaskiya kuzari da kuma amfanarwa (Ayyuka 8:139, 330–31). Ƙauna ita ce “muhimmin ginshiki a cikin bangaskiya da bege” (8:327).

Anan mun sami bayanin Bulus game da ci gaban ayyukan ƙauna a cikin duniyar zunubi da wahala. Ƙauna aiki ce, ba magana kawai ba. Duk da haka, dole ne ƙauna ta kasance fiye da ayyukan zahiri; asalinta yana cikin dalilan zuciya. Me yake motsa ta? Ba zai iya zama son kai ba, domin ƙauna ba mai girmankai ba ce kuma ba ta neman abubuwan kanta. Haka kuma ba za a iya motsa ƙauna ta hanyar jin daɗi na take ga wanda ake ƙauna ba; in ba haka ba, ƙauna ba za ta kasance mai haƙuri da nuna kirki ga mutanen da suka fāɗaɗɗun ba.

To, mene ne, yake motsa ƙauna? Nassin ya ba mu alamu guda biyu. Farin cikinta yana cikin gaskiya, wato, adalci da amincin Allah. Saboda haka, ƙauna tana yin farin ciki cikin ƙaunar Allah kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Almasihu. “Muna ƙaunarsa, domin shi ne ya fara ƙaunarmu” (1 Yohanna 4:19). Dagewarta tana da alaƙa da bangaskiya da bege, wato, a cikin duba ga Almasihu da kuma dogara ga Maganar Allah. Edwards ya ce ƙauna tana tasowa ne daga “gani ko fahimtar kyan Allah” (Ayyuka 8:333). Saboda haka, mun kammala cewa ƙauna tushenta daga Allah ne, tana mayar da hankali ga Allah, kuma Allah ne yake motsa ta. “Allah ƙauna ne” (1 Yah 4:8b). Ba mu taɓa kasancewa cikin zurfin zumunci da Allah ba kamar lokacin da muke tafiya cikin sahihiyar ƙauna. Yaya kyawun halaye da ayyukan ƙauna suke!

An fara wallafa wannan talifi ne a shafin Blog na Ministirin Ligonier. [Blog ɗin Ministirin Ligonier]